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Glucose (blood sugar) -- A simple sugar, the breakdown product of carbohydrates that becomes the raw material for energy production inside cells.
Glucose-lactate cycle (Cori cycle) -- The metabolic partnership between muscles and liver to support active muscle work. Refers to the sequence involving breakdown of carbohydrates, glycogen storage in liver, passage of glucose into the bloodstream and subsequent storage in muscle fibers as glycogen, the breakdown of glycogen during muscle activity, the production of lactic acid in this process, and the conversion of lactic acid to glycogen again.
Glucose polymers -- A low glycemic carbohydrate supplement that delivers a steady source of energy for workouts and restoration. "Branching" glucose polymers (i.e., glucose molecules comprised of differing glycemic indexes due to their structural complexity) are available as drinks, powders and tablets.
Glucose Tolerance -- Glucose tolerance refers to an individual's ability to metabolize glucose.
Gluteals -- Abbreviation for gluteus maximus, medius and minimus; the hip extensor muscles. Also called buttocks or glutes.
Glycemic index -- A rating system that indicates the different speed with which carbohydrates are processed into glucose by the body. In general, complex carbohydrates are broken down slower, providing a slow infusion of glucose for steady energy. Refined, simple carbohydrates usually are absorbed quickly, causing energy-disturbing fluctuations of glucose.
Glycogen -- The common storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles that is biochemically processed as part of the energy-producing cycle. Glycogen, a polysaccharide commonly called animal starch, is readily converted into glucose as the energy needs of the body require.
Glycogenolysis -- The cellular breakdown of stored glycogen for energy, which is regulated by the enzyme phosphorylase.
Glycolysis -- The metabolic process that creates energy via splitting a molecule of glucose to form either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and produce ATP molecules. Glycolysis in an important part of anaerobic metabolism.
Glycolytic Sports -- Sports such as wrestling, boxing, 200 meter dash and other long sprint or mid-distance sprints wherein the glycolytic pathway of muscle energy production (the breakdown of muscle sugar, glycogen, in order to produce more CP and ATP) is involved (see glycogen, ATP and CP).
Golgi tendon organs -- Nerve sensors ("proprioceptors"), located at the junction of muscles and tendons, that pick up messages of excess stress on the muscle and cause the brain to shut off muscle contraction. The purpose may be to protect against separating the tendon from bone when a contraction is too great. Called "the feedback loop," this shut-off threshold can be pushed back or delayed (e.g., toward one's maximum strength potential) through "jerk training," where you carefully perform repeated submaximum jerks with weights. Cf. muscle spindle, proprioceptor.
Graded exercise test (GXT) -- A treadmill, or cycle-ergometer, test that delivers heart rate, ECG, and other data. Workload is gradually increased until an increase in workload is not followed by an increase in oxygen consumption; this identifies the individual's maximal oxygen uptake. Allows the prescribing of exercise to the individual's actual, rather than estimated, heart rate or aerobic
capacity. Requires medical supervision. Cf. physical work capacity.
Green Tea -- Green tea, also known as GTA (green tea antioxidant) or GTE (green tea extract), has been clinically shown to be as much as 200 times more effective than vitamin E at scavenging hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals (see Free radicals). As such, it is perhaps the most potent antioxidant kknown to man in its ability to prevent 1) antibacterial and antiviral activity, 2) anti-platelet and hyocholesterolemic activity, 3) lung cancer due to smoking, 4) skin damage and skin cancer due to radiation, 5) a host of other age-related maladies. The active ingredients of green tea are called polyphenol catechins, with (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCg) being by far the most important. Green tea is unprocessed; black tea is the same plant but highly processed; Oolong tea, also from the same plant, is partially processed tea..
Growth hormone (GH) -- A growth hormone is any substance that stimulates growth, especially one secreted by the pituitary (somatotropin) which exerts a direct effect on protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and controls the rate of skeletal, connective (collagenous) tissue and visceral growth.
Glucose-lactate cycle (Cori cycle) -- The metabolic partnership between muscles and liver to support active muscle work. Refers to the sequence involving breakdown of carbohydrates, glycogen storage in liver, passage of glucose into the bloodstream and subsequent storage in muscle fibers as glycogen, the breakdown of glycogen during muscle activity, the production of lactic acid in this process, and the conversion of lactic acid to glycogen again.
Glucose polymers -- A low glycemic carbohydrate supplement that delivers a steady source of energy for workouts and restoration. "Branching" glucose polymers (i.e., glucose molecules comprised of differing glycemic indexes due to their structural complexity) are available as drinks, powders and tablets.
Glucose Tolerance -- Glucose tolerance refers to an individual's ability to metabolize glucose.
Gluteals -- Abbreviation for gluteus maximus, medius and minimus; the hip extensor muscles. Also called buttocks or glutes.
Glycemic index -- A rating system that indicates the different speed with which carbohydrates are processed into glucose by the body. In general, complex carbohydrates are broken down slower, providing a slow infusion of glucose for steady energy. Refined, simple carbohydrates usually are absorbed quickly, causing energy-disturbing fluctuations of glucose.
Glycogen -- The common storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles that is biochemically processed as part of the energy-producing cycle. Glycogen, a polysaccharide commonly called animal starch, is readily converted into glucose as the energy needs of the body require.
Glycogenolysis -- The cellular breakdown of stored glycogen for energy, which is regulated by the enzyme phosphorylase.
Glycolysis -- The metabolic process that creates energy via splitting a molecule of glucose to form either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and produce ATP molecules. Glycolysis in an important part of anaerobic metabolism.
Glycolytic Sports -- Sports such as wrestling, boxing, 200 meter dash and other long sprint or mid-distance sprints wherein the glycolytic pathway of muscle energy production (the breakdown of muscle sugar, glycogen, in order to produce more CP and ATP) is involved (see glycogen, ATP and CP).
Golgi tendon organs -- Nerve sensors ("proprioceptors"), located at the junction of muscles and tendons, that pick up messages of excess stress on the muscle and cause the brain to shut off muscle contraction. The purpose may be to protect against separating the tendon from bone when a contraction is too great. Called "the feedback loop," this shut-off threshold can be pushed back or delayed (e.g., toward one's maximum strength potential) through "jerk training," where you carefully perform repeated submaximum jerks with weights. Cf. muscle spindle, proprioceptor.
Graded exercise test (GXT) -- A treadmill, or cycle-ergometer, test that delivers heart rate, ECG, and other data. Workload is gradually increased until an increase in workload is not followed by an increase in oxygen consumption; this identifies the individual's maximal oxygen uptake. Allows the prescribing of exercise to the individual's actual, rather than estimated, heart rate or aerobic
capacity. Requires medical supervision. Cf. physical work capacity.
Green Tea -- Green tea, also known as GTA (green tea antioxidant) or GTE (green tea extract), has been clinically shown to be as much as 200 times more effective than vitamin E at scavenging hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals (see Free radicals). As such, it is perhaps the most potent antioxidant kknown to man in its ability to prevent 1) antibacterial and antiviral activity, 2) anti-platelet and hyocholesterolemic activity, 3) lung cancer due to smoking, 4) skin damage and skin cancer due to radiation, 5) a host of other age-related maladies. The active ingredients of green tea are called polyphenol catechins, with (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCg) being by far the most important. Green tea is unprocessed; black tea is the same plant but highly processed; Oolong tea, also from the same plant, is partially processed tea..
Growth hormone (GH) -- A growth hormone is any substance that stimulates growth, especially one secreted by the pituitary (somatotropin) which exerts a direct effect on protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and controls the rate of skeletal, connective (collagenous) tissue and visceral growth.