Re: Re: welke stelling
Originally posted by admin
Ik denk dat dit zeker wetenschappelijk gezien nog niet helemaal duidelijk is, echter, ik heb dit een tijdje geleden nog onderzocht, dit zijn een paar studies.
Precies, hier doelde ik een beetje op. Je hoort zo vaak dat meerdere maaltijden je stofwisseling verhoogt, maar zo simpel ligt het niet. Ik denk zelf dat het niet uitmaakt hoeveel maaltijden, zolang je maar wel binnen 4/ max 5 uur eet(wegens toevoer van eiwitten, bloedsuikerspiegel en stresshormonen). Nog wat 'relevante' studies':
J Nutr 1997 Apr;77 Suppl 1:S57-70
Meal frequency and energy balance.
Bellisle F, McDevitt R, Prentice AM.
Several epidemiological studies have observed an inverse relationship
between people's habitual frequency of eating and body weight,
leading to the suggestion that a 'nibbling' meal pattern may help in
the avoidance of obesity. A review of all pertinent studies shows
that, although many fail to find any significant relationship, the
relationship is consistently inverse in those that do observe a
relationship. However, this finding is highly vulnerable to the
probable confounding effects of post hoc changes in dietary patterns
as a consequence of weight gain and to dietary under-reporting which
undoubtedly invalidates some of the studies. We conclude that the
epidemiological evidence is at best very weak, and almost certainly
represents an artefact. A detailed review of the possible mechanistic
explanations for a metabolic advantage of nibbling meal patterns
failed to reveal significant benefits in respect of energy
expenditure. Although some short-term studies suggest that the
thermic effect of feeding is higher when an isoenergetic test load is
divided into multiple small meals, other studies refute this, and
most are neutral. More importantly, studies using whole-body
calorimetry and doubly-labelled water to assess total 24 h energy
expenditure find no difference between nibbling and gorging. Finally,
with the exception of a single study, there is no evidence that
weight loss on hypoenergetic regimens is altered by meal frequency.
We conclude that any effects of meal pattern on the regulation of
body weight are likely to be mediated through effects on the food
intake side of the energy balance equation.
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Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993 Jan;17(1):31-6
Frequency of feeding, weight reduction and energy metabolism.
Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Westerterp KR.
Department of Human Biology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The
Netherlands.
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding frequency on the rate and composition of weight loss and 24 h energy metabolism in moderately obese women on a 1000 kcal/day diet. During four consecutive weeks fourteen female adults (age 20-58 years, BMI 25.4- 34.9 kg/m2) restricted their food intake to 1000 kcal/day. Seven subjects consumed the diet in two meals daily (gorging pattern), the others consumed the diet in three to five meals (nibbling pattern). Body mass and body composition, obtained by deuterium dilution, were measured at the start of the experiment and after two and four weeks
of dieting. Sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) was measured at the same time intervals using a respiration chamber. At the end of the experiment 24 h energy expenditure (24 h EE) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) were assessed by a 36 h stay in the respiration chamber. There was no significant effect of the feeding frequency on the rate of weight loss, fat mass loss or fat-free mass loss. Furthermore, fat mass and fat-free mass contributed equally to weight loss in subjects on both gorging and nibbling diet. Feeding frequency had no significant effect on SMR after two or four weeks of dieting. The decrease in SMR after four weeks was significantly greater in subjects on the nibbling diet. 24 h EE and DIT were not significantly different between the two feeding regimens. ============================================
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995 Jan;19(1):11-6
Food intake and energy expenditure in obese female bingers and non-
bingers.
Alger S, Seagle H, Ravussin E.
Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition Section, National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of
Health, Phoenix, Arizona 85016, USA.
Since compulsive eating occurs in approximately 30% of obese females
and is associated with earlier relapse following weight loss, we
compared daily energy intake, dietary composition and energy
expenditure among obese binge eaters and obese non-bingers. Nine
obese bingers (33 +/- 4 yrs, 95 +/- 6 kg, 39 +/- 1% fat) and nine
obese non-bingers (47 +/- 3 yrs, 93 +/- 5 kg, 40 +/- 1% fat) were
admitted for 12 days to a metabolic unit. Binge eaters were defined as scoring > 25 on the binge eating scale (BES). During the initial 8
days, subjects ate ad libitum from two computerized vending machines
offering a variety of foods and beverages. A weight maintenance diet
was then provided for the next 4 days. Twenty-four hour energy
expenditure (24EE) and respiratory quotient (24Q) were measured on
the last day of both feeding periods in a respiratory chamber. Obese
bingers showed a wider range of energy intake compared to non-
bingers, but the mean daily energy intake was similar between the two
groups (2587 +/- 454 vs 2386 +/- 201 kcal/d) during 8 days of ad
libitum intake. 24EE was not different between bingers and non-
bingers after 8 days of ad libitum intake (2298 +/- 147 vs 2109 +/-97 kcal/d, P = 0.3) or 4 days of weight maintenance diet, even more
so after adjustment for differences in fat-free mass, fat mass and
age. Resting metabolic rate, sleeping metabolic rate, and
macronutrient intake and oxidation were also similar between groups.
Thomsen C, Christiansen C, Rasmussen OW, Hermansen K.
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
claus.thomsen@image.dk
AIMS: To compare the effects of 2 weeks on different meal frequencies on glucose metabolism, lipid levels and 24-hour blood pressure in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. METHODS: Ten non-insulin-dependent diabetic outpatients from Aarhus City participated in a crossover study design. None were treated with insulin. The patients were randomly allocated to two isoenergetic diets either taken as three or eight meals per day for 2 weeks each. At the end of each period, the diurnal blood pressure and the responses to a test meal were measured. Furthermore, a hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp was placed. RESULTS: Both the insulin sensitivity and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure were similar as were the responses of glucose, insulin and free fatty acids to a carbohydrate-rich test meal at the end of the two diet periods. The HDL-cholesterol level was lowest in response to the 8-meal diet (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Increasing meal frequencies in a 2-week treatment period with weight-maintaining diets on an outpatient basis subdued the HDL-cholesterol levels but apparently had no impact on glucose metabolism or diurnal blood pressure in NIDDM subjects. These results give no indications of long-term beneficial effects of increasing the meal frequency in NIDDM patients.