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Fijn dat er altjd allerlei partijen vertegenwoodigd zijn behalve de mensen die de gevolgen van beleid moeten opvangen. Nu port of rotterdam weer met een helder inzicht.
De Nederlandse overheid moet met strengere klimaatdoelen komen, vindt Port of Rotterdam. De havenbeheerder zegt dit als reactie op het maandagochtend gepubliceerde rapport van het VN-klimaatpanel IPCC. VVD, de grootste partij in de Tweede Kamer, zei maandag op haar beurt dat het verduurzamen van...
Dit is toch wel 1 van de meest achterlijke dingen die ik ooit gelezen heb.
Het IPCC-rapport geeft een alarmerend beeld van de staat van het klimaat. Volgens de onderzoekers kan de opwarming van de aarde deze eeuw veel hoger uitkomen dan de 1,5 graad die is afgesproken in de klimaattop in Parijs in 2015. Volgens sommige scenario's kan de opwarming oplopen tot mogelijk ruim 5 graden, wat desastreuze gevolgen heeft voor de planeet.
Mensen die dr funding krijgen van een partij met een agenda.
Stel dat het waar zou zijn, er is zoiets als een klimatologisch optimum en dat schijnt 6 graden hoger te liggen dan de gemiddelde temperatuur nu. Groeiseizoen is dan groener en duurt langer.
Scientists used an unconventional method of creating nuclear fusion to yield a record-breaking burst of energy of more than 10 quadrillion watts, by firing intense beams of light from the world's largest lasers at a tiny pellet of hydrogen.
Een uitbreiding van de Europese CO2-heffing hoeft niet per se tot een hogere benzineprijs in Nederland te leiden, zo verwacht DNB-directeur Olaf Sleijpen. Daarnaast zal het plan om meer sectoren in Europa te laten betalen voor CO2-uitstoot, niet leiden tot een vlucht van bedrijven.
Een uitbreiding van de Europese CO2-heffing hoeft niet per se tot een hogere benzineprijs in Nederland te leiden, zo verwacht DNB-directeur Olaf Sleijpen. Daarnaast zal het plan om meer sectoren in Europa te laten betalen voor CO2-uitstoot, niet leiden tot een vlucht van bedrijven.
Nederland moet al in 2023 een CO2-belasting voor huishoudens, bedrijven en het transport invoeren. Zo'n energiebelasting gaat huishoudens 200 tot 700 euro per jaar kosten, al wordt dat bedrag aanvankelijk wel gecompenseerd.
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Gelukkig maar. Alles voor het klimaat. Alleen jouw geld kan het klimaat redden.
Zonnecycli duren normaliter 11 jaar, van minimum tot minimum. Maar soms heb je dus ook grandminima, welk decennia tot een eeuw kunnen duren. Hierbij dropt het aantal zonnevlekken significant en wordt de zon veel minder actief. Dit gaat gepaard met een veel koelere periode op onze planeet. De laatste 'grote' grand minimum, the Maunder minimum, leidde in de 17e eeuw tot een mini-ijstijd.
En we zouden wel eens aan de vooravond van een nieuw grand minimum kunnen staan.
De laatste cyclus eindigde 2 jaar 'te laat' en duurde ~13 jaar. Dit zou een teken kunnen zijn van een komend grand minimum.
When the Solar Cycle 23 ended end of 2008, nearly 2 years behind the usual rhythm of the 11-year activity cycle, the physical process of the occurrence of grand minima sparked a significant interest. The cycle minimum in 2008 was the deepest in the past 100 years and manifested in many solar-related parameters. Solar wind7 and the total solar irradiance8 reached the lowest level in recorded history, whereas galactic cosmic rays, shielded by solar and heliospheric magnetic fields, marked the highest level9.
En
Indirect observations of past solar cycles using carbon-14 in tree rings also revealed a similar tendency. Earlier research suggested that the 11-year cycles were lengthened to ~ 14 years during the Maunder Minimum19, whereas they were shortened during periods of high solar activity such as the early Medieval Solar Maximum20. This coincides with the scenario that the reduction in the speed of meridional circulation could be related to the physical process of the drastic weakening of solar activity. Band-pass-filtered carbon-14 data also show ~ 9-year cycles from 1535 to 1590 CE, which corresponds to when solar activity was relatively high (Fig. 2). Interestingly, later paper pointed out the possibility that the change in cycle length might have started a few cycles before the Maunder or the Spoerer Minima23. Although the sunspot groups reconstructed by Hoyt and Schatten4 back to 1610 CE had shown a sudden onset of the Maunder Minimum, careful re-examination of historical sunspot records by Vaquero et al.24 resolved that the transition into the Maunder Minimum was gradual, with two suppressed activity cycles before the onset. The multiple lengthened cycles suggested by the tree-ring data were consistent with the behavior of sunspot activity cycles, however, the precision of the carbon-14 data was not high enough to determine the accurate timing of the onset of the lengthening or the cycle lengths.
Dit zou kunnen betekenen ons een grand minimum te wachten staat ergens in de aankomende decennia. Zit je daar dan, met je warmtepomp.
Discussion
An important finding of this study is that the lengthening of solar cycle started three cycles before the onset of the Maunder Minimum. In the framework of the flux transport dynamo model, which is known to reproduce several features of solar cycle, solar activity level is determined by either or both of two factors: dynamo excitation by the randomly determined tilt of sunspot pairs37 and the change in the meridional circulation in the solar convection zone38. On the one hand, the flow speed of meridional circulation determines the cycle lengths17, although its structure is still controversial39. Under the condition the time-scale of turbulent diffusion of the magnetic field in the convection zone is relatively short, slow meridional circulation could cause a substantial loss of the magnetic field. One possible interpretation of the multiple lengthened cycles before the Maunder Minimum is that the speed of meridional circulation was significantly slowed down to contribute to the reduction of the magnetic field that emerges on the solar surface as sunspots. The reconstructed variation of cosmic rays in Fig. 3c certainly suggests that the intensity of the solar surface magnetic field at the end of the 16 year-long cycle became significantly weakened compared with the previous solar cycle minimum. The absolute levels of sunspot activity over the subsequent two cycles needs to be determined through the ongoing efforts to discover additional historical records and to improve the methodology of reconstruction31; however, the sunspot reconstructions during the recent decade have indicated a tendency of gradual reduction in the cycle amplitudes toward the Maunder Minimum5, 6, 24, 31 and are consistent with our results.
The long preparatory period observed at the Maunder Minimum is consistent with what was suggested for the Spoerer Minimum. It is also noticeable that one of the preceding cycles of the Spoerer Minimum was ~ 16 years25, although this estimation is based on band-pass filtering and could have large uncertainty. On the other hand, only one cycle was lengthened before the onset of the Dalton Minimum, which was 13.6 years16. The Dalton Minimum is different from the Maunder and the Spoerer minima regarding its duration and depth. We hypothesize that the lengthening of plural neighboring solar cycles, among which at least one cycle is several years longer than 11 years, could be a prerequisite for long-lasting sunspot disappearance.
While the length of Solar Cycle 23 was 12.7 years, ~ 2 years longer than usual, the Solar Cycle 24 did not show a significant lengthening. Therefore, current declining tendency in solar activity is less likely to immediately result in a long-lasting sunspot disappearance. We conclude, however, that the behavior of Solar Cycle 25 would be critically important to the later solar activity and that there remains the possibility that sunspots may disappear for decades in the case Solar Cycle 25 is substantially lengthened. Careful examinations of both the solar surface and the interior are needed throughout the Solar Cycle 25.
Zonnecycli duren normaliter 11 jaar, van minimum tot minimum. Maar soms heb je dus ook grandminima, welk decennia tot een eeuw kunnen duren. Hierbij dropt het aantal zonnevlekken significant en wordt de zon veel minder actief. Dit gaat gepaard met een veel koelere periode op onze planeet. De laatste 'grote' grand minimum, the Maunder minimum, leidde in de 17e eeuw tot een mini-ijstijd.
En we zouden wel eens aan de vooravond van een nieuwe grand minimum kunnen staan.
De laatste cyclus eindigde 2 jaar 'te laat' en duurde ~13 jaar. Dit zou een teken kunnen zijn van een komend grand minimum.
When the Solar Cycle 23 ended end of 2008, nearly 2 years behind the usual rhythm of the 11-year activity cycle, the physical process of the occurrence of grand minima sparked a significant interest. The cycle minimum in 2008 was the deepest in the past 100 years and manifested in many solar-related parameters. Solar wind7 and the total solar irradiance8 reached the lowest level in recorded history, whereas galactic cosmic rays, shielded by solar and heliospheric magnetic fields, marked the highest level9.
En
Indirect observations of past solar cycles using carbon-14 in tree rings also revealed a similar tendency. Earlier research suggested that the 11-year cycles were lengthened to ~ 14 years during the Maunder Minimum19, whereas they were shortened during periods of high solar activity such as the early Medieval Solar Maximum20. This coincides with the scenario that the reduction in the speed of meridional circulation could be related to the physical process of the drastic weakening of solar activity. Band-pass-filtered carbon-14 data also show ~ 9-year cycles from 1535 to 1590 CE, which corresponds to when solar activity was relatively high (Fig. 2). Interestingly, later paper pointed out the possibility that the change in cycle length might have started a few cycles before the Maunder or the Spoerer Minima23. Although the sunspot groups reconstructed by Hoyt and Schatten4 back to 1610 CE had shown a sudden onset of the Maunder Minimum, careful re-examination of historical sunspot records by Vaquero et al.24 resolved that the transition into the Maunder Minimum was gradual, with two suppressed activity cycles before the onset. The multiple lengthened cycles suggested by the tree-ring data were consistent with the behavior of sunspot activity cycles, however, the precision of the carbon-14 data was not high enough to determine the accurate timing of the onset of the lengthening or the cycle lengths.
Dit zou kunnen betekenen ons een grand minimum te wachten staat ergens in de aankomende decennia. Zit je daar dan, met je warmtepomp.
Discussion
An important finding of this study is that the lengthening of solar cycle started three cycles before the onset of the Maunder Minimum. In the framework of the flux transport dynamo model, which is known to reproduce several features of solar cycle, solar activity level is determined by either or both of two factors: dynamo excitation by the randomly determined tilt of sunspot pairs37 and the change in the meridional circulation in the solar convection zone38. On the one hand, the flow speed of meridional circulation determines the cycle lengths17, although its structure is still controversial39. Under the condition the time-scale of turbulent diffusion of the magnetic field in the convection zone is relatively short, slow meridional circulation could cause a substantial loss of the magnetic field. One possible interpretation of the multiple lengthened cycles before the Maunder Minimum is that the speed of meridional circulation was significantly slowed down to contribute to the reduction of the magnetic field that emerges on the solar surface as sunspots. The reconstructed variation of cosmic rays in Fig. 3c certainly suggests that the intensity of the solar surface magnetic field at the end of the 16 year-long cycle became significantly weakened compared with the previous solar cycle minimum. The absolute levels of sunspot activity over the subsequent two cycles needs to be determined through the ongoing efforts to discover additional historical records and to improve the methodology of reconstruction31; however, the sunspot reconstructions during the recent decade have indicated a tendency of gradual reduction in the cycle amplitudes toward the Maunder Minimum5, 6, 24, 31 and are consistent with our results.
The long preparatory period observed at the Maunder Minimum is consistent with what was suggested for the Spoerer Minimum. It is also noticeable that one of the preceding cycles of the Spoerer Minimum was ~ 16 years25, although this estimation is based on band-pass filtering and could have large uncertainty. On the other hand, only one cycle was lengthened before the onset of the Dalton Minimum, which was 13.6 years16. The Dalton Minimum is different from the Maunder and the Spoerer minima regarding its duration and depth. We hypothesize that the lengthening of plural neighboring solar cycles, among which at least one cycle is several years longer than 11 years, could be a prerequisite for long-lasting sunspot disappearance.
While the length of Solar Cycle 23 was 12.7 years, ~ 2 years longer than usual, the Solar Cycle 24 did not show a significant lengthening. Therefore, current declining tendency in solar activity is less likely to immediately result in a long-lasting sunspot disappearance. We conclude, however, that the behavior of Solar Cycle 25 would be critically important to the later solar activity and that there remains the possibility that sunspots may disappear for decades in the case Solar Cycle 25 is substantially lengthened. Careful examinations of both the solar surface and the interior are needed throughout the Solar Cycle 25.
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